Introduction To Qualitative Nursing Research
Gathering relevant evidence-based information is a task you can never evade throughout your nursing career. These evidence facts can inform research that asks for vast knowledge, research skills, and understanding of the current nursing concepts. You must use quantitative or qualitative nursing research methods to conduct and achieve relevant data.
Research methods in nursing will help you discuss a given concept effectively. Qualitative research in nursing is the most convenient and frequently used as it emphasizes nursing theories. Most students struggle to comprehend qualitative and quantitative research in nursing. Our article below will help with qualitative nursing research methods, but let’s first elaborate on what qualitative nursing research entails.
What is qualitative nursing research?
It can be quite challenging to settle on the definition of qualitative nursing research. Different scholars argue that providing a simple definition goes against the method’s philosophy. A qualitative study in nursing begins with an unknown phenomenon, like a clinical problem, and aims to comprehend its many aspects. This makes qualitative research especially helpful when there is limited information about a concept because it aids in the identification of critical concepts and formats.
The basis for future qualitative and quantitative research in nursing is laid by qualitative research. Qualitative research can also be conducted in the absence of quantitative research. Despite the diversity of qualitative research, its methodology is influenced by specific characteristics such as holism, subjectivity, intersubjectivity, and situated contexts.
This research emphasizes the significance of examining each person as a holistic system (holism) inspired by their environment (situated contexts). Every individual develops their subjective world (subjectivity) that is affected by relationships with others (intersubjectivity) and surroundings (situated contexts). Consider the following: a person’s history and interactions influence how each person perceives and views the world. The truth is a compilation of factual data and information.
Different methods of nursing research
Qualitative research gathers vast information from a wide range of qualitative research topics in nursing and investigates phenomena about which little is known, and designs and methodologies differ. Regardless of this variation, most qualitative research methods are emergent and holistic. These methods necessitate the integration of data collection strategies as well as an elite and well-profound researcher.
Although qualitative nursing methodologies are still evolving with the help of technology, advanced planning, and careful consideration should be followed. It includes identifying a topic of interest, choosing a research design, and indicating broad strategies for collecting data and opportunities to improve study quality.
Most qualitative nursing research templates are complicated and require top skills and concentration. Most emerged in other disciplines, while others claim no disciplinary heritage. Models not associated with a discipline, such as descriptive designs, may borrow approaches from different methodologies; however, some profound writers do not view them as comprehensive.
1) Sampling methods
The sampling methods used are determined by the qualitative research design chosen. Qualitative nursing research samples are typically small, nonrandom, immediate care selected, and intensely studied. Qualitative research sampling is involved with accurately describing and recognizing meaning in experience.
Qualitative research sampling is involved with accurately describing and recognizing meaning in experience. Researchers search for informative scholars who are “information-rich,” as they help enhance understanding by representing diverse demographics and peaks of experiences. Students consult reliable participants who confirm, question, adjust, or enrich their knowledge of the phenomenon of interest as the study progresses.
Many writers claim that qualitative research’s principles and conceptual frameworks elevate a specific study and can be applied to others. Contemplate a qualitative study of minority nursing faculty’s lived experiences and the incivility they encounter. The concepts discussed in this study may relate to populations other than nursing or minority faculty members, like foreign-born students, nurses, or faculty.
2) Data collection and analysis
Experts are guided by their study design when selecting data collection and analysis methodologies. Some of the most prevalent types of data collection include interviews (unstructured, semi structured, focus groups); observations of people, environments, or contexts; documents; records; artifacts; photographs; or journals. As a writer, you must be aware of gaining participant trust while avoiding overly emotional engagement, ensuring broad data collection and analysis, organizing appropriate data management, and participating in reflexivity when collecting data.
Reflexivity entails thoroughly analyzing each stage of the research process. In contrast to quantitative scholars, who utilize validated instruments, qualitative researchers are the research tools. They must focus when collecting and managing high-quality data. Journaling can assist researchers in identifying and managing how their behavior patterns and opinions impact their study results.
Data is typically captured in detailed notes, memos, and audio or visual videos regularly transcribed verbatim and reviewed manually or with software programs like ATLAS.ti, HyperRESEARCH, MAXQDA, or NVivo. Evaluating qualitative data is a difficult task.
Researchers are reductionists, condensing massive amounts of data into a brief yet rich and valuable knowledge. The code or identify themes, transforming abstract concepts into valid data. The best part is that qualitative research is usually simple to understand because it is presented in the form of stories told in everyday language.
3) Evaluating a qualitative research
It can be challenging to evaluate research methods in nursing. Several phrases define study quality, including rigor, validity, integrity, and trustworthiness. As a professional, you need to understand whether the research outcomes accurately and extensively represent the phenomenon of interest. When discussing quality-improvement strategies, many researchers recognize a quality framework. Framework examples include:
- A system of trustworthiness criteria that improves integrity, dependability, confirmability, transferability, and validity.
- Validity in a qualitative nursing research template boosts: credibility, authenticity, criticality, integrity, explicitness, clarity, creativity, diligence, unity, and sensitivity.
Many methods can be used with all structures to assist in achieving identified criteria and improve quality. Viewing the study as a whole is critical for assessing its quality and discipline. When searching for rigor, look for brief and informative qualitative nursing research topics that describe the research and design. Using an abstract that explains your key points (background, purpose, methods, results, and conclusions) is also essential.
What role does qualitative research play in Evidence-Based Practice (EBP)?
Qualitative research helps in generating evidence and assists nurses in determining patient preferences. We cannot fully know other people unless we conduct qualitative research, which includes understanding their perspectives, meanings, needs, and desires. Although qualitative research cannot be generalized in the traditional sense, it can assist nurses in opening their minds to the experiences of others.
As a nurse, using qualitative research can protect patient autonomy by learning about them and not reducing them to universal protocols or plans. It is human nature that everyone we meet assists us in determining what is best for them. Qualitative nursing research assists us in understanding the complexities and several aspects of a problem and offering insight as we motivate others’ voices.
When combined with patient assessment and other facts, qualitative research aids in the successful implementation of evidence-based practice. Conceptual research into the personal experiences of disaster workers, for instance, could bring to light the strengths and weaknesses of people, populations, and systems, allowing for targeted intervention. Phenomenological research of critical-care patients’ lived experiences might reveal factors influencing delirium.
Why is Qualitative Nursing Research important
Qualitative nursing research helps implement practical activities and lays the groundwork for future quantitative and qualitative research. Understanding how to initiate and evaluate qualitative research can successfully assist nurses in implementing evidence-based practice.
What are the opinions of qualitative nursing researchers?
Qualitative nursing research help experts believe that by carefully examining what individuals can share with us or what we can perceive as they evaluate and assess our condition. We can understand different perspectives. For instance, the experience of conceiving a baby has some similarities but is not comparable between any two women, and it is unmistakably distinct for a disabled mother.
According to qualitative researchers, reality is socially built and context-dependent. Even the experience of browsing through this article can help you stand out from other students. One can be entirely immersed by the content, while another is reading but concerned about the likelihood that her financial assistance will be approved soon.
Qualitative researcher claim that significant discovery is the foundation of knowledge; their survey questionnaire, perspectives, and activities are frequently quite different from those of quantitative researchers. Qualitative researchers, for instance, attempt to comprehend the research participants’ “lived experience.” They may collect new data through interviews or findings and then use that information to develop narratives about research phenomena.
Qualitative researchers understand that there is a solid absolute necessity to define the phenomenon under investigation fully. The reader of your qualitative research report is even slightly familiar with the concept. Reading a well-written qualitative report should result in an “aha!” situation.
Types of research design in nursing
A qualitative study in nursing includes an overview of the literature, research procedure, study structure and sample, methods for data collection and analysis of empirical evidence, and conclusions that impact practice and research. We will learn how nurses implement the qualitative research method to generate new knowledge for practice as we reflect on these aspects of qualitative studies.
1) Examine the literature
When professionals are concise that a qualitative nursing research method is the best technique to address the research question, they study the relevant literature and explain what is already understood about the phenomenon of interest. Since there might be no papers published on the phenomenon in question, the researcher may need to be creative.
Research on similar topics, with the same population of patients, or on a closely related principle is conducted. For instance, researchers may wish to investigate how women with a disabling illness decide whether or not to become pregnant. While there could be no other research done in the nursing field, there may be some on pregnancy decision-making when a woman does not suffer from a disabling illness.
These research findings would help conduct a literature review even though they recognize concepts and relationships that can be used to guide the investigation process. For instance, study results can reveal the precise needs for new research, which should be included in the qualitative nursing research sample, and what types of questions should be used to gather data.
Example
Assume a research team wanted to look into the conformance of HIV-infected women to antiretroviral treatment. If no study on this specific topic exists, the researcher may look into studies on compliance to therapy in other illnesses, like diabetes or hypertension. They could include research on gender gaps in medication adherence.
These nursing research methods look at the literature on adherence to a stigmatizing illness or appointment adherence in women to see what facilitates or hinders attending health care appointments. The main point here is that even if there is no literature on the phenomenon of interest, a literature review will reveal related information that can be used to investigate new questions. By following these methods, you should effectively recognize the strengths and weaknesses in prior research at the end of an effective review. You should also clearly understand the new research questions and the importance of studying them.
2) Study design
The study design describes how the qualitative researcher intends to address the research questions. In qualitative research, the research team may use a straightforward or naturalistic design, adhering to the overall tenets of qualitative research but not committing to a specific methodology. Various qualitative methods are used to respond to the qualitative nursing research topics. Some of these techniques will be covered in the following chapter.
It is important to remember that this study’s design must be consistent with the philosophical ideas of qualitative studies. A qualitative approach is unlikely to employ methods prevalent in quantitative research, like a random sample or battery of questionnaire forms in a hospital outpatient clinic or a multiple regression study. You would anticipate a design incorporating participant interviews or observation, inductive analysis strategies, and strategies for using data to generate narrative overviews with detailed descriptions of the details from respondents’ experiences.
A pilot study may also be mentioned in the characterization of a study design; this is the work that the researcher conducted before embarking on the main study to ensure that the logistics of the research project were plausible. For instance, pilot information may describe whether the investigators successfully recruited participants and whether the qualitative research led them to the required information.
3) Sample
The study sample is the group of individuals who will be interviewed or observed by the researcher as part of the data collection procedure to address the research questions. In most qualitative studies, researchers search for a purposefully chosen sample. This means they are looking for a specific type of person who can shed light on the phenomenon they wish to investigate.
For instance, the researchers may wish to contact women who have multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis. Other variables, known as inclusion and exclusion criteria, may be imposed by the researchers, like requesting participants to be over 18, not using illicit drugs, or determining a first pregnancy (as opposed to subsequent pregnancies). When research teams are definite on these requirements, they can recognize and lure study participants who have the necessary experiences to shed some light on the phenomenon in question.
Researchers frequently make these decisions, like establishing who might be a “long-term survivor” of a particular illness. They must understand fully why and how they decided who might fit into this segment in this case. Consider the use of questions such as Is a long-term survivor someone who has been sick for five years? What, ten years? What is the average length of survival for people with this diagnosis? As a reader of nursing research, you are looking for proof of scientifically sound reasoning underlying the sampling strategy.
Example
When the experts have determined who should be included in the research sample, the next step is to devise a strategy for selecting participants, which provides for searching and involving them in the research. Recruitment resources are typically particular. For instance, if the researchers want to discuss with HIV-infected women about compliance, they could hand out flyers or publicize their interest in recruiting both adherent and non-adherent women.
Other researchers may wish to speak with women who fall into only one of those categories. They might also be looking into pregnancy decision-making among women with disabling conditions. They would devise recruitment strategies to evaluate patients with the requirements or characteristics they want to study.
In the results section of a research report, the researcher may include a brief description of the research sample. In any case, a qualitative researcher should reveal essential axes of distinction in the model and a demographic description of the investigation participants. For instance, in a sample of HIV-infected women, information about their level of illness, the type/number of pills they must hold, the number of children they have, and so on should be available. This information allows you to put the insights into context.
Still and all
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