Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation

Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation

SUMMARY

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) continue to present major health, social, and economic problems in the developing world. Gonococcal infections and their complications are amongst the most frequent communicable diseases in many countries (Muthusamy & Elangovan, 2017). This presentation narrated a clinical presentation of a young female,  who is seeking medical care with urinary symptomatology. The presentation relevant physical exam findings, differential diagnosis, laboratory test, definitive diagnosis,  management and patient education.

HPI

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Chief Complaint: “Pain with urination”

HPI: Ms. Campbell is a 25-year-old woman who presents with a 3-day history of dysuria, increases urinary frequency and yellow, kind of creamy vaginal discharge. She is sexually active, with recent, unprotected vaginal intercourse, and multiples sexual partners. Her past medical history is remarkable for urinary tract infection and candidiasis last year. Physical exam demonstrated cervical friability and discharge from the os; with a normal bimanual exam. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

MEDICAL HISTORY

Medications:

Ibuprofen OTC for menstrual pain and headache.

Past Medical History (PMH)

Allergies: None

Medication Intolerance: None

Chronic health problems: None

Major traumas:  None

Hospitalizations/Surgeries: None

Family history

SOCIAL HISTORY

ROS

R.O.S

Physical Exam

Physical Exam

Lab Tests

Lab Tests

Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody: Negative

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), plasma: Negative

Cervicitis

Chlamydia culture.: Negative

Neisseria gonorrhea culture: Positive

Cervical swab/Gram stain

Amine/whiff test

Urinary tract infection :

Urine culture: no bacterial growth.

Urinalysis: positive

PRIMARY DIAGNOSIS

CERVICITIS: supported by the presence of recent history of dysuria, increases urinary frequency and yellow, kind of creamy vaginal discharge. Physical examination revealed a mucopurulent discharge from os cervix with a normal bimanual exam. Laboratory test confirmation. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:

1. URINARY TRACT INFECTION

2. PELVIC INFLMATORY DISEASE

3. BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS.

uMANAGEMENT/PLAN

Medication:

Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM x 1 dose

Azithromycin 1000 mg orally x 1 dose

Non-medication treatment

Avoid sexual activity during the treatment. Use condom on the future.

tests ordered: No further test needed.

Education: Contact and treatment of recent sexual partners, Counseling regarding use of barrier protection and risk of STIs, recommend pap smears per current guidelines, Recommend HIV, Hep B, and syphilis screening, and recommend HPV vaccination, as this patient is less than 26 years old. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

Follow-up/: in 2 weeks to evaluate medication effectiveness.

Referral: None

Evidence-based articles

Title, author, and year of article: Update on treatment options for gonococcal infections. Lancaster, J. W., Mahoney, M. V., Mandal, S., & Lawrence, K. R. (2015). Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

Brief summary / purpose of the study: The incidence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections in the United States has grown over the past decade. The most recent data provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) indicate that reported cases have increased by almost 10% over the last 5 years. In conjunction with this rise, the presence of multidrug-resistant strains of N. gonorrhoeae has also emerged. The 2015 CDC guidelines recommend dual therapy with intramuscular ceftriaxone and oral azithromycin as first-line treatment, although components of this regimen are met with a high level of resistance. Although ceftriaxone resistance has not yet been reported in the United States, it is only a matter of time before such isolates are detected, thus ushering in a new era of difficult-to-manage uncomplicated gonococcal infection. The potential public health crisis and patient-associated sequelae (e.g., pelvic inflammatory disease, epididymitis, and human immunodeficiency virus infection) linked with untreatable gonorrhea are cause for great concern. To try to stem this tide, a number of new agents targeted against N. gonorrhoeae are being investigated in clinical trials. This article, we review the various agents, both currently available and under clinical investigation, and provide recommendations for the management of gonococcal infections. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

How did the study support Ms. Campbell’s case: This study is a good resource to create a plan of treatment for Ms. Campbell.

Evidence-based articles

Title, author, and year of article: A systematic review and appraisal of the quality of practice guidelines for the management of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Dickson, C., Arnason, T., Friedman, D. S., Metz, G., & Grimshaw, J. M. (2017). Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

Brief summary / purpose of the study:  Clinical guidelines help ensure consistent care informed by current evidence. As shifts in antimicrobial resistance continue to influence first-line treatment, up-to-date guidelines are important for preventing treatment failure. This study was conducted to assess the quality of current gonorrhea guidelines’ development processes. Multiple databases was used. As a result, the author identified 10 guidelines meeting the inclusion criteria. The quality of the gonorrhea treatment guidelines varied. The WHO Guidelines for the Treatment of Neisseria gonorrhoeae and UK National Guideline for the Management of Gonorrhea in Adults scored the highest on Rigour of Development. Methods to address conflicts of interest were often not described in the materials reviewed. By limiting the study to English-language guidelines, a small number of guidelines we identified were excluded. The author concluded that Gonorrhoea treatment guidelines may slow antimicrobial resistance. Many current guidelines are not in line with the current guideline development best practices; this might undermine the perceived trustworthiness of guidelines. By identifying current limitations, this study can help improve the quality of future guidelines. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

How did the study support Ms. Campbell’s case: This study is a good resource to create a plan of treatment for Ms. Campbell.

Evidence-based articles

Title, author, and year of article: Gonorrhea treatment practices in the STD Surveillance Network, 2010–2012. Kerani, R. P., Stenger, M. R., Weinstock, H., Bernstein, K. T., Reed, M., Schumacher, C., … & Golden, M. (2015).

Brief summary / purpose of the study: Neisseria gonorrhoeae has retained antimicrobial resistance to drugs previously recommended for first-line empiric treatment of gonorrhea, and resistance to ceftriaxone, the last option for monotherapy, is evolving. Crucial actions to combat this developing situation include implementing response plans; considering use of dual antimicrobial regimens; enhancing surveillance of gonorrhea, gonococcal antimicrobial resistance, treatment failures and antimicrobial use/misuse and improving prevention, early diagnosis, contact tracing and treatment. The ways forward also include an intensified research to identify novel antimicrobial resistance determinants and develop and evaluate appropriate use of molecular antimicrobial resistance testing, ideally point-of-care and with simultaneous detection of gonococci, to supplement culture-based methods and ideally guide tailored treatment. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation. Replacing oral treatments with ceftriaxone is a central component of public health efforts to slow the emergence of cephalosporin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the United States. Six city and state health departments contributed data on all gonorrhea cases reported in 101 counties and independent cities. Treatment data were obtained through local public health surveillance and interviews with a random sample of patients. Cases were weighted to adjust for site-specific sample fractions and for differential nonresponse by age, sex, and provider type. From 2010 to 2012, 135,984 gonorrhea cases were reported in participating areas, 15,246 (11.2%) of which were randomly sampled. Of these, 7,851 (51.5%) patients were interviewed. Among patients with complete treatment data, 76.8% received ceftriaxone, 16.4% received an oral cephalosporin, and 6.9% did not receive a cephalosporin; 51.9% of persons were treated with a regimen containing ceftriaxone and either doxycycline or azithromycin. Ceftriaxone treatment increased significantly by year (64.1% of patients in 2010, 79.3% in 2011, 85.4% in 2012; P = 0.0001). Ceftriaxone use varied widely by STD Surveillance Network site (from 44.6% to 95.1% in 2012). Most persons diagnosed as having gonorrhea between 2010 and 2012 in the United States received ceftriaxone, and its use has increased since the release of the 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention STD Treatment Guidelines. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

How did the study support Ms. Campbell’s case: This study is a good resource to create a plan of treatment for Ms. Campbell.

uEvidence-based articles

Title, author, and year of article: Cervicitis: a prospective observational study of empiric azithromycin treatment in women with cervicitis and non-specific cervicitis. Lusk, M. J., Garden, F. L., Cumming, R. G., Rawlinson, W. D., Naing, Z. W., & Konecny, P. (2017).Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

Brief summary / purpose of the study: Treatment with 1 G azithromycin was observed prospectively in 130 women with cervicitis enrolled in a cervicitis etiology study of 558 women at three sexually transmitted infection clinics in Sydney, Australia. Two overlapping groups of women with cervicitis were considered: ‘cervicitis group 1’ (n = 116) excluded women with Trichomonas vaginalis and a subgroup of this, ‘cervicitis group 2’ (non-specific cervicitis) (n = 96) further excluded women with Neisseria gonorrhoeaChlamydia trachomatis and Mycoplasma genitalium at enrolment. Testing for Chlamydia trachomatisMycoplasma genitalium and Trichomonas vaginalis was by PCR and Neisseria gonorrhoea by PCR and culture. Treatment outcomes were cervicitis or vaginal symptoms at follow-up. Effect on cervicitis at follow-up was also assessed after additional reported partner treatment. In ‘cervicitis group 1’ where prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium and/or Chlamydia trachomatis was 23/116 (19.8%), azithromycin reduced cervicitis at follow-up (RR = 0.62 (95% CI 0.39–0.97) p = 0.035), but there was no significant effect in non-specific cervicitis (‘cervicitis group 2’) (RR = 0.60 (95% CI 0.35–1.01) p = 0.056).  Empiric treatment did not reduce vaginal symptoms at follow-up in either group. No effect of empiric partner treatment was seen. The conclusion was that empiric azithromycin treatment of cervicitis reduces cervicitis at follow-up in populations with high prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis and/or Mycoplasma genitalium. There are no benefits of empiric azithromycin for non-specific cervicitis or empiric partner treatment. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

.How did the study support Ms. Campbell’s case: This study is a good resource to follow appropriate treatment for Ms. Campbell.

uEvidence-based articles

Title, author, and year of article: Screening for gonorrhea and chlamydia: an update for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Zakher, B., Cantor, A. G., Pappas, M., Daegas, M., & Nelson, H. D. (2014).

Brief summary / purpose of the study: Objective: Observational studies about screening effectiveness, test accuracy, and screening harms was conducted to update the 2005 and 2007 systematic reviews for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force on screening for gonorrhea and chlamydia in men and women, including pregnant women and adolescents. Data Sources revised included MEDLINE, and Cochrane databases, including only randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) and controlled observational studies. In 10 new studies of asymptomatic patients, nucleic acid amplification tests demonstrated sensitivity of 86% or greater and specificity of 97% or greater for diagnosing gonorrhea and chlamydia, regardless of specimen type or test. The target populations included asymptomatic, sexually active men and women, including pregnant women and adolescents. There were few relevant studies of screening benefits and harms. Only screening tests and methods cleared by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for current clinical practice were included to determine diagnostic accuracy. As a conclusion, Chlamydia screening in young women may reduce the incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease. Nucleic acid amplification tests are accurate for diagnosing gonorrhea and chlamydia in asymptomatic persons.  Gonorrhea Tests for women included 4 studies testing endocervical specimens using transcription-mediated amplification (TMA); polymerase chain reaction (PCR), including a new rapid test (27); or strand displacement amplification (SDA) reported sensitivities ranging from 90.0% to 100.0%. Sensitivity using self-collected vaginal specimens obtained in a clinician’s office was 98.0% by TMA (26) and 100% by PCR (27). Results of female urine specimens using TMA, PCR, or SDA ranged from 78.6% to 100% (24, 25, 27). However, the study reporting the lowest sensitivities for urine used urine volumes larger than recommended by the manufacturer of the screening test. Chlamydia Tests Among 5 studies of endocervical specimens, sensitivity of TMA was 89.0% to 97.1%, SDA was 86.4% to 96.2%, and PCR was 86.4% to 95.8% (24, 27, 28, 30, 31). Clinician-collected vaginal swabs tested with TMA and PCR provided sensitivities of 89.9% and 98.8% (28), and self-collected vaginal swabs from clinical settings provided sensitivities of 97.0% with TMA (31) and 90.7% (28) and 98.0% (27) with PCR. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

How did the study support Ms. Campbell’s case: This study is a good resource to order the right laboratory test to confirm diagnosis in  Ms. Campbell.

Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation

References

Dickson, C., Arnason, T., Friedman, D. S., Metz, G., & Grimshaw, J. M. (2017). A systematic review and appraisal of the quality of practice guidelines for the management of Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Sex Transm Infect, sextrans-2016

uKerani, R. P., Stenger, M. R., Weinstock, H., Bernstein, K. T., Reed, M., Schumacher, C., … & Golden, M. (2015). Gonorrhea treatment practices in the STD Surveillance Network, 2010–2012. Sexually transmitted diseases42(1), 6-12. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

uLancaster, J. W., Mahoney, M. V., Mandal, S., & Lawrence, K. R. (2015). Update on treatment options for gonococcal infections. Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy35(9), 856-868.

u  Lusk, M. J., Garden, F. L., Cumming, R. G., Rawlinson, W. D., Naing, Z. W., & Konecny, P. (2017). Cervicitis: a prospective observational study of empiric azithromycin treatment in women with cervicitis and non-specific cervicitis. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

uMuthusamy, S., & Elangovan, S. (2017). A study on prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity testing methods for Neisseria gonorrhoeae isolates among female outpatients of sexually transmitted infection clinic. International Journal of Health & Allied Sciences6(1), 11.

uZakher, B., Cantor, A. G., Pappas, M., Daegas, M., & Nelson, H. D. (2014). Screening for gonorrhea and chlamydia: an update for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med23. Cervicitis PowerPoint presentation.

 

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+1 (315) 636-5076
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We will write your work from scratch and ensure it's plagiarism-free, you just submit the completed work.


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