Main Post

Evidence Based Practice is essential for healthcare as it refers to utilizing the most up to date evidence in clinical practices to enhance the quality of healthcare and improve patient outcomes. These qualities, along with reducing costs and empowering clinicians makes up the quadruple aim and is the basis for healthcare systems in the United States (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2023, p.7). Kim et. al (2016) discusses how implementation of evidence based practices into nursing and healthcare can be a factor in job satisfaction amongst nurses who work in facilities with evidence based practice implementation (Kim et. al, 2016)

While reviewing the hospital I currently am employed ats website, I found several places where the quadruple aim in Evidence Based Practice is mentioned throughout. The first place is directly in the mission statement “We’re committed to delivering exceptional care- every patient, every time” as well as in the discussion regarding new and innovative methods utilized for improving patient outcomes in the surgical center (HCA Health, n.d.). Emphasizing these two qualities, as well as discussions of ensuring financial assistance is provided, and the discussion of ensuring the highest quality clinicians who are trained in the most advanced and up-to-date medical standards, StoneSprings Hospital appears to be grounded in the quadruple aim of evidence based practice. My perception of StoneSprings has not changed my perception of the hospital with which I am employed as I can see physical evidence of the hospital utilizing the quadruple aim and evidence based practice every shift I work.

References

HCA Health. (n.d.). About us. StoneSprings Hospital Center. https://www.hcavirginia.com/locations/stonesprings-hospital-center/about-usLinks to an external site.

Kim, S. C., Stichler, J. F., Ecoff, L., Brown, C. E., Gallo, A., & Davidson, J. E. (2016). Predictors of Evidence-Based Practice Implementation, Job Satisfaction, and Group Cohesion Among Regional Fellowship Program Participants. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 13(5), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12171

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2023). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer

Main Post

Johns Hopkins Medicine is a healthcare organization I have been a patient of for over a decade, and is of great interest to me. Their organization’s mission is to improve the health of populations worldwide using evidence-based practice (EBP) from biomedical research and the help of expert clinical knowledge (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.). Johns Hopkins Medicine provides optimal patient care using a multidisciplinary approach from those at the Johns Hopkins Health System and the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.). Their team members include scientists and researchers who carry out clinical trials in the lab to the physicians, nurses, and other healthcare providers taking this data and integrating it into their practice in over fifty of their patient care sites (Johns Hopkins Medicine, n.d.).They have created their own EBP framework called the Johns Hopkins Evidence-Based Practice Model that medical professionals can utilize when making decisions in the clinical setting or needing help with problem-solving (Liu et al., 2021). EBP models are essential for organizations to have in place so that there is a system for appraising research, effectively translating it, and applying it to improve patient experiences (Dusin et al., 2023). These examples I have found on the Johns Hopkins Medicine website have only solidified my decision as to why I think it is a great organization and why I have continually chosen it as a place to receive my medical care.

References

Dusin, J., Melanson, A., & Mische-Lawson, L. (2023). Evidence-based practice models and frameworks in the healthcare setting: A scoping review. BMJ Open, 13(5), e071188. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-071188Links to an external site.

Johns Hopkins Medicine. (n.d.). About us. Retrieved May 31, 2022, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/johns_hopkins_healthcare/about_us/index.htmlLinks to an external site.

Liu, M., Lin, Y., Dai, Y., Deng, Y., Chun, X., Lv, Y., Yang, H., & He, F. (2021). A multi-dimensional EBP educational program to improve evidence-based practice and critical thinking of hospital-based nurses: Development, implementation, and preliminary outcomes. Nurse Education in Practice, 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nepr.2020.102964Links to an external site.

    The organization I chose to review is the National Academy of Medicine. This organization is one of three organizations that combined to create the academy. The NAM focuses on engineering, science, and medicine within the United States utilizing research, community, and scientific advisors to aid in decisions, policies, and care of patients around the world. This academy ensures that any challenges that the citizens of the United States may face medically or scientifically are addressed by the backing of tested and tried research including that of gene studies, climate change that affects health, the well-being of clinicians, safety, the future of nursing, emerging science, and technological advancements (NAM, n.d). This organization seeks to ensure that collaborative and interdisciplinary teams provide the best scientific and up-to-date information to shape the future of healthcare globally(NAM, n.d) . The evidence-based practice aspect of this organization also provides direction and leadership on mental health and healthcare team burnout that contribute to the decline of providers, nurses, and other team members. Due to this, they have developed the National Plan for Health Workforce Well-Being to combat this issue. This initiative assists educational institutions, public and private health leaders, policy regulators, IT companies specific to health care, and multiple associations (NAM, n.d) .

Prior to this assignment, I had minimal knowledge of this organization. After researching what they stand for, believe in, and the research associated I do believe that it is grounded in evidence-based practice. It is the foundation on which they were created, and continues to do so as of today. The scientific and professional data to conclude their final determinations are critical to healthcare, as they advise many of the regulators that fuel our society and healthcare infrastructure (Li et al., 2019).

Reference

Li, S., Cao, M., & Zhu, X. (2019, September). Evidence-based practice: Knowledge, attitudes, implementation, facilitators, and barriers among community nurses-systematic review. Medicine. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6775415/

NAM. (n.d.). How the nam can support your work – national academy of medicine. https://nam.edu/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/NAM-Overview-one-pager-2021.pdf

NIH (National Institute of Health)

The achievement of quality patient care and the safety of patients is attainable via evidenced based practice. Research is performed by healthcare organizations as a way to gather and utilize evidenced-based information to empower their clinicians, improve the quality of care, improve outcomes, and patient safety. Empirical research is provided by evidenced-based data and allows for efficient management of patient care. The National Institute of Health also known as NIH is an organization that provides data that is evidenced based, addresses, explores, and supports health problems via clinical trials. An example of this is NIH conducting research about the coronavirus and its cure/treatment.

NIH is a government agency with its focus being biomedical research that aids and saves patients’ lives (NIH, 2017a). NIH evidenced based practice located in the section for research and training. NIH began with a one-room laboratory during the year 1887 and is now known as a leading medical research center (NIH, 2015). The nation utilizes NIH as a steward of research such as behavioral and medical (NIH, 2015).  The mission of NIH is to explore the fundamental knowledge regarding the behavior and nature of living systems thereby allowing the application of the information to aid in the reduction of illness, enhancement of health, reduction in disability, and lengthening of life (NIH, 2015). The goals of NIH are to cultivate research strategies that are innovative, fundamental creative discoveries, and ultimately apply it as a way to enhance/improve health. Prevention of diseases via the development, maintenance, and renewal of scientific human and physical resources is another goal. Expansion of knowledge in associated and medical sciences as a way of ensuring economic well-being is the third goal (NIH, 2015). The final goal of the agency is to epitomize and promote in the conduction of science the utmost level of scientific integrity, social responsibility, and public accountability (NIH, 2015). By the realization of these goals, it allows NIH to improve health via the conduction and support of research which aids in finding the cause of the disease, diagnosing, curing, and prevention; human growth and development, environmental contaminants biological effects; understanding addictive, mental, and physical disorders; exchange, collection, and dissemination of information (NIH, 2015).  Congress gives funds to NIH to aid with the research regarding the labor and health human services budget bill. NIH has 27 centers and institutes that aid in the conduction and coordination of research throughout different biomedical research.

NIH utilizes clinical trials as a way to study diseases, medication interactions, and evaluation of intervention and their effects on health outcomes. Due to the utilization of clinical trials by NIH the government, policymakers, stakeholders, researchers, and NIH  revisit and review the procedures and policies as a way to protect the participants, ensure effective utilization of resources, and ensure that vital research questions were answered (Vardeny, Hernandez, Cohen, Franklin, Baqai, Palmer, Bierer & Cobb, 2019). Prior to publishing information NIH ensures that the information gathered is grounded in EBP and effectiveness is evaluated. Exacerbation in a patients symptoms can occur if managed with the use of evidenced based practice early on it can worsen the cost for the patient and organization, length of stay is increased, reduction in patient satisfaction, and poor health outcome (Mullings, 2019).

Research outcomes summary is provided by NIH in addition to providing a link that connects you to the research article which in turn aids healthcare providers/clinicians in coming up with a clinical decision. An example would be while researching an article regarding hangovers the website provided a link which I then clicked and lead to the hangover summary and then at the bottom of the NIH website it provided more information related to alcohol hangover and other links. NIH also has the Wellness Toolkits that provide tips that are evidenced based to improve your health and live well (NIH, 2017b). The toolkits are informative and also provide several links to the resources that were utilized in developing the toolkit (NIH, 2017b).

We utilize the NIH website in the work setting as a way to acquire more information about mental health and drug issues to educate families with evidence-based information properly. This organization is a great resource for clinicians and healthcare professionals. I have a change in how I view the healthcare industry due to the NIH website as they provide several clinical trials, and articles that are up to date and provide evidenced-based data to improve outcomes for patients. NIH is a website that patients and family members can utilize free of charge.

References

Mullings, J. (2019). Embedding National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance into a leg ulcer pathway. British Journal of Community Nursing, 24(sup9), S6–S11. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.12968/bjcn.2019.24.Sup9.S6

National Institute of Health (2017a). Mission and goals. National Institute of health, turning discovery into health. Retrieve from. https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we[1]do/mission-goal

National Institutes of Health. (2017b, June 22). Your healthiest self: Wellness toolkits. National Institutes of Health (NIH). Retrieved June 4, 2021, from https://www.nih.gov/health-information/your-healthiest-self-wellness-toolk

NIH. (2015, July 7). About the NIH. National Institutes of Health (NIH). https://www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/nih-almanac/about-nih#:~:text=NIH%20is%20the%20steward%20of,and%20reduce%20illness%20and%20disabilityLinks to an external site..

Vardeny, O., Hernandez, A. F., Cohen, L. W., Franklin, A., Baqai, M., Palmer, S., Bierer, B. E., & Cobb, N. (2019). Transitioning to the National Institutes of Health single institutional review board model: Piloting the use of the Streamlined, Multi-site, Accelerated Resources for Trials IRB Reliance. Clinical Trials, 16(3), 290–296. https://doi-org.ezp.waldenulibrary.org/10.1177/1740774519832911

Evidence-Based Practice endorsed by American Nursing Association

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) in care provision is significantly relevant. Healthcare providers need EBP to provide the most effective care that aims to improve the patient’s outcome. It might not be quality care as expected by the nurses, but the fact that it is most effective makes EBP outstandingly relevant. The discussion below illustrates how American Nursing Association (ANA) endorses Evidence-Based Practices (EBP’s) for their members who are nurses.

Description of the selected healthcare organization

The selected website is the American Nursing Association (ANA) website. The American Nursing Association is a healthcare professional organization that advances the needs of nurses and protects the entire profession from possible policy challenges. The ANA endorses EBP as illustrated below.

Sections that EBP appears on the website

On the website of the American Nursing Association (ANA), under head scripts, they illustrate Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) and why nurses need to implement it as part of offering care. ANA considers EBP as making nurses improve their clinical practice and always ceases depending on traditional methods used to offer care (Melnyk &Fine-out-Overholt, 2023). The ANA also encourages nurses to use EBP while discouraging traditional methods that include: focusing on advice from colleagues, depending on vast experience, and committing to other individuals’ personal beliefs. As a healthcare organization, American Nursing Association implements its duties influenced by research.

One of their departments is made up of research personalities that investigate the various nursing and clinical practices. Additionally, the ANA offers a section of nursing research where professional nurses can access articles to review and identify Evidence-Based Practices to better their client’s healthcare outcomes. As a result, the organizations implement EBP and encourage nurses to use EBP to better their performances.

Changed Perception

The information offered on the website regarding EBP offers a new perspective on how EBP is a space where nurses can expand their knowledge and better their perception of the various nursing skills and practices (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2023). As a result, nurses must focus on something other than mastering traditional clinical practice. However, they must focus on expanding their knowledge of contemporary clinical practices that could help better every patient’s healthcare outcome.

References

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2023). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. https://www.amazon.com/Evidence-Based-Practice-Nursing-Healthcare-Guide/dp/1605477788Links to an external site.

Main Discussion

Evidence based practice is by definition “ is a lifelong approach to problem solving to deliver healthcare that consolidates the best evidence from a body of research with a clinician’s  expertise and a patient’s preferences and values to make the best decision about patient care (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2023).  I will discuss the presence of evidence-based practice within the American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses.  I currently work in the recovery room, and this is the organization that we utilize to obtain our certification.  The organization utilized an EBP model that serves as a template for guidance of research in this specialty (ASPAN.org, 2006/2023). The organization’s philosophy and vision do not include EBP but it was noted and discussed in the mission statement and in their core values (ASPAN.org, 2023). I do believe the organization is grounded in evidence based practice, the mission of the organization is to ensure that patient care is guided by evidence and to also to continue to improve the quality of patient care through educating and supporting the perianesthesia nurses. (ASPAN.org, 2023)  It is actually the main responsibility of the American Society of Peri-Anesthesia Nurses to establish evidence based standards to guide the practices of peri-anesthesia nurses (Krenzischek, et al., 2019).  This organization has been setting standards since it was founded in 1980 (ASPAN.org, 2023)and continues to set standards and guidelines regarding the care of patients in the post anesthesia care unit.  Their desire to continue to educate nurses using evidence-based practice and continuing to encourage evidence-based research is exactly what I expected from the organization.

References

ASPAN.org. (2006/2023, April). ASPAN.org. Retrieved from ASPAN.org.evidence based practice: https://www.aspan.org/Clinical-Inquiry/Evidence-Based-Practice

ASPAN.org. (2023). ASPAN.org. Retrieved from ASPAN.org/clinicalInquiryoverview: https://www.aspan.org/clinicalinquiryoverview

Krenzischek, D., Card, E., Crosson, J., Clifford, T., Russell, S., MAn=cDonald, R., & Wilson, L. (2019). Delphi Study: ASPAN Adult Patient Pain and Comfort Practices. Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing, 34(6), 1120-1129. doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2019.06.003

Melnyk, B., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2023). Evidence-BAsed Practice in Nursing and Healthcare A Guide to Best Practice (5th ed.). Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer.

The website I reviewed was for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (https://www.cdc.gov/Links to an external site.) . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provide a plethora of information on disease and other public health threats and concerns (e.g. elder abuse, HIV, ADHD, etc.). They also provide updated guidance on seasonal viruses and new viruses causing a threat to human mortality. Many of us turned to the CDC during the COVID-19 pandemic for guidance in preventing serious illness, preventing or slowing spread of disease, and guidance for our daily routines as the pandemic unfolded. All of this information was based on best evidence at the time starting with previous wisdom from dealing with other respiratory viruses that got refined through study and practice to be more specific to COVID-19 in its many mutations. Evidenced-based practice is the bedrock for this organization. The CDC adopts evidence from studies and research conducted and aides in developing guidelines and evidenced-based practice.

The perception of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention is that it only deals with diseases or ailments, but the CDC provides information regarding other health hazards and ways to prevent them, like their safe swim guidance for summer. They also provide guidance for healthcare providers as well as lay persons. If you peruse the site you can find guidance geared to lay people for health maintenance and separate guidance for us as healthcare providers to help guide practice. Both contain information derived from research and study, but the healthcare provider guidance is the more focused space to give us guidance to practice safely and effectively for our patients. My perception of the site and organization has expanded. I’ve had to look at the CDC for certain topics as needed for my practice (in particular COVID-19) and also for research or answers to different topical concerns, but as I perused this time I recognized that not all the topics were strictly disease or health topics. I saw that there was hazard protection advice in the form of articles like how to swim safely this summer.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2023) Centers for disease control and prevention. Accessed 5/31/2023 Accessed from: https://www.cdc.gov/Links to an external site.

Initial Post

Arkansas Blue Cross Blue Shield was founded in 1948 as an independent licensee of Blue Cross Blue Shield. Arkansas Blue Cross Blue shield is a not-for-profit mutual insurance company. Meaning the company collects premiums and pays back nearly 85 cents on the dollar. The other 15 cents are used for operating expenses and reserve funds.

According to Melnyk et al. (2014), Evidence based practice is defined as improving healthcare quality, reliability, and patient outcomes as well as reducing variations in care and costs, it is still not the standard of care delivered by practicing clinicians across the globe.  Arkansas Blue Cross Blue Shield has taken this definition and turned it into their part of their vision, mission, and values. AR BCBS also has URAC accreditation. URAC Accreditation is another way they are assuring the company is following evidence-based practice. URACs mission is Advancing the quality of health care through leadership, accreditation, measurement, and innovation.

As a case manager, I see the constant changes to case management up the anti in the quality of case management provided at AR Blue Cross Blue Shield. I whole heartedly believe that they use evidence based practice through daily interaction with members.

References:

Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher-Ford, L., Long, L. E., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2014). The Establishment of Evidence-Based Practice Competencies for Practicing Registered Nurses and Advanced Practice Nurses in Real-World Clinical Settings: Proficiencies to Improve Healthcare Quality, Reliability, Patient Outcomes, and Costs. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 11(1), 5–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12021

URAC. (2023). Mission. https://www.urac.org/about/mission/Links to an external site.

Arkansas Blue Cross Blue Shield.(2021-2023). Company Overview. https://www.arkansasbluecross.com/company/company-overview

Healthcare Organization Review

The National League for Nursing is an organization that strives to reach higher excellence with nursing education. Their mission statement focuses on advancing the nursing profession through workforce education. Their mission is to affect nurses locally but also globally. Core values promote caring, integrity, diversity and inclusion, and excellence. Their current board of governors and senior management is heavily advanced on their education spectrum.

Their expectation and demonstration of ethics, communication, and humility have created a culture of integrity throughout the organization. Attention to detail of collaborators empowers nurses to include and innovate beyond the ideologies that could create barriers. Finally, the National League for Nursing pushes for continual growth, quality, and education of the nursing profession and culture. (National League for Nursing, 2022)

Evidence-based Practice Praticaed

The work of the National League for Nursing is grounded in evidence-based practice. They work for their members to promote professional development by creating simulation learning. And continue to collaborate to offer expert clinical professionals during education scenarios. NLN pushes through the barriers preventing the use of evidence-based practice. Identifying further training, encouraging staff to continue education, and making resources readily available should help healthcare staff uptake EBP. (Li et al., 2019) Finally, their efforts to promote evidence-based practice include publishing professional health content provided to their members.

Organization Perception

Currently, there are many options for joining associations in the nursing field. The primary benefit of this organization is pushing nurses to further their education. When nurses use evidence-based practice, their career elevates in ways that extend further than usual. They are better able to care for patients, the quality of care improves and outcomes, and they have a higher gratification than nurses who practice by tradition. (Melnyk et al., 2010)

References

Li, S., Cao, M., & Zhu, X. (2019). Evidence-based practice. Medicine, 98(39), e17209. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000017209

Melnyk, B.M., Fineout-Overhold, E., Stillwell, S.B., & Williamson, K.M. (2010). Evidence-based practice step-by-step: The seven steps of evidence-based practice. American Journal of Nursing, 110(1), 51-53.

National League for Nursing. (2022). Core Values. National League for Nursing. https://www.nln.org/about/about/core-values

Evidence-Based Practice.

Virginia Hospital Center Health.org was the website I researched for the healthcare institution. The American Nurses Credentialing Center named the 453-bed VHC Health a Magnet hospital. It is also a proud Mayo Clinic Care Network member, a nationwide alliance of independent healthcare providers. The Hospital was named a 2021 Top Teaching Hospital by The Leapfrog Group. In 2022, it received a 21st consecutive “A” rating from The Leapfrog Group and the 11th consecutive Healthgrades Outstanding Patient Experience Award. VHC Health is dedicated to becoming the top workplace and healthcare provider in the Washington, DC, metropolitan region (VHC Health (n.d)).

Walden University Producer 2018 states, “Evidence practice is finding a way to address a clinical problem, and it is used to inform clinical decision.” I looked everywhere on the organization’s website, including the healthcare organization’s mission and vision statements, but did not locate any references to EBP. I saw an article by the Washington Post on the organization’s website on “One hospital’s evidence-based approach to reducing C-sections.” The World Health Organization (WHO) advises against performing C-sections at a rate higher than 15% since there is no evidence doing so lowers maternal mortality or the hazards associated with delivery (BrandStudio, 2019). Due to this knowledge, VHCHealth intensified its efforts to reduce the national rate of C-sections. In 2014, VHC learned that their C-section rate was 33 percent, much higher than the WHO and American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG) suggestion. The leadership, medical, and registered nursing teams created an evidence-based strategy examining every C-section at the Hospital. They collaborate with obstetricians to lower C-section rates if discovered to be greater than the advised norm and to guarantee that patients are always cared for as effectively as possible (BrandStudio, 2019).

The operation of this healthcare institution is based on EBP, even though I could not find it on their website. EBP should be continuously used since it improves patient outcomes, increases care quality and safety, and lowers costs, supporting a practice that satisfies the triple objective of healthcare (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2023). I work in this Hospital and know that everything we do is an evidence-based practice, including fall prevention, hand washing, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and various diseases, including diabetes, heart failure, asthma, etc. (Titler, 2008). Additionally, we perform yearly EBP education on HealthStream. At VHCHealth, the clinical nurse director, the patient care director, and the management all highlight the advantages and significance of EBP.

Since this is the most excellent Hospital to work for, the information I saw on the healthcare organization’s website remained the same as how I felt about the Hospital. It is all in their mission and vision statement. The finest clinical judgments that result in favorable patient outcomes are produced when EBP is applied in a context of care, a culture, and an ecosystem or environment that supports it (Melnyk, Fineout-Overholt, et al., 2014). The goal of VHCHealth is to be the finest health system, and part of that goal is to meet the demands of the community’s healthcare needs by offering the highest quality clinical treatment, achieving the highest levels of patient satisfaction, and investing in their staff’s professional growth and development (VHCHealth, (n.d.).

References

BrandStudio, (2019). One Hospital’s evidence-based approach to Reducing C-section Rates. Retrieved from https://www.vhchealth.org/news-publications/news/2019/washington-post-one-hospitals-evidence-based-approach-to-reducin/Links to an external site..

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2023). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Melnyk, B. M., Gallagher-Ford, L., Long, L. E., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2014). The establishment of evidence-based practice competencies for practicing registered nurses and advanced practice nurses in real-world clinical settings: Proficiencies to improve healthcare quality, reliability, patient outcomes, and costs. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing, 11(1), 5–15. doi:10.1111/wvn.12021

Titler MG. The Evidence for Evidence-Based Practice Implementation. In: Hughes RG, editor. Patient Safety and Quality: An Evidence-Based Handbook for Nurses. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2008 Apr. Chapter 7. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2659/Links to an external site..

Walden University, LLC. (Producer). (2018). Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice and Research [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

VHCHealth (n.d) About Us. https://www.vhchealth.org/about-us/Links to an external site..

VHCHealth (n.d). Mission and Vision. (https://www.vhchealth.org/about-us/mission-vision/Links to an external site.).

Evidence-based practice, also known as EBP, is defined as “a lifelong problem-solving approach to clinical practice that integrates the following: external evidence to a clinical question, internal evidence to achieve desired patient outcomes, and patient/family preferences and values”(Melnyk&Fineout-Overholt,2018, p. 18). The application of a diligent, problem-solving strategy in clinical practice is referred to as evidence-based practice. Evidence-based practice, as defined by Polit & Beck (2020), entails basing clinical judgments on the best available data, with a focus on data from specialized research. The ability to do research, comprehend and assess new knowledge about patient care, and be adaptable to change are all qualities that nurses must possess as lifelong learners (Polit & Beck, 2020). Research evidence can offer useful insights into human health and illness. To promote excellent health or offer treatment, evidence-based practice is essential (laureate Education Producer, 2018).

The World Health agency (often known simply as WHO) is the name of the healthcare agency that I evaluated. The WHO has included EBP into both their vision and mission statements. The mission of this organization is to encourage people all over the world to improve their health and safety by providing the most advanced and comprehensive medical treatment possible. Within a strong healthcare infrastructure, every person on earth will have access to a health care provider who is knowledgeable, enthusiastic, and well-supported. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the organization’s objective is to “promote health, serve the vulnerable, keep the world safe, advocate and catalyze global and country actions to help resolve health crisis, and support the achievement of health-related millennium development goals” (Magnusson et. al., 2019). Evidence-based practice can provide an amazing chance to maximize patient care and results by developing and utilizing the appropriate tools, culture, education, and patient engagement skills across the entire care process. This can be accomplished by utilizing the potential benefits of evidence-based practice.

Evidence Base Practice is the foundation upon which the work of the globe Health Organization is carried out. This is because the WHO’s primary mission is to promote health by giving individuals all over the globe the ability to have a greater degree of influence over their own medical care with an emphasis on the control and prevention of diseases. This organization has evidence that indicates how health promotion activities have averted common diseases with an emphasis on primary prevention by taking actions before a problem emerges rather than treating the disease or mitigating its consequences (Magnusson et. al.,2019).

The mission and vision statements of the WHO each provide a concrete example of the organization’s fundamental principles. I have always considered the World Health Organization (WHO) and its website to be an excellent source of information since it offers up-to-date reports and evidence-based research on topics such as the promotion of health, the prevention of disease, the protection of wellness, and other related topics. In addition to providing clear policies and improved statistics, this website also makes use of various tools that are based on evidence-based practice to educate medical professionals and so improve global health.

Reference

Laureate Education (Producer). (2018). Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice and Research

[Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

Magnusson, R. S., McGrady, B., Gostin, L., Patterson, D., & Taleb, H. A. (2019). Legal

capacities required for prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 97(2), 108–117.https://doi.org/10.24712FBLT.18.213777Links to an external site.

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2018). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2020). Nursing research: Generating and assessing evidence for nursing practice. Lippincott Williams &Wilkins.

     I chose the American Nurses Association/ ANA organization, which I am a member of. A nationwide membership of registered nurses and a board of directors that makes and implements policies, programs, and practices based on evidence. These evidenced base practices are supported by the standards of care, with objectives that meet patient care goals. American Nurses Association, Practice and Advocacy Section in clinical practice states that the organization is dedicated to sharing pertinent evidence-based practice information implemented in various clinical care settings. American Nurses Association partners with Standards for Excellence Institute. It is the highest standard of ethics, effectiveness, and accountability in nonprofit governance, management, and operations to help nonprofit organizations meet their goals. The goals of ANA and the Standards for Excellence program are to strengthen nonprofits and improve the public’s trust in nonprofit organizations. 

     Bachynsky et al. state that Advanced Practice Registered Nurses (APRNs) play a major role in implementing the Affordable Care Act, TripleAim, and Quadruple Aim goals, especially when actively engaged within multidisciplinary teams. The article describes the changes in Healthcare delivery in the United States and that the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act’s purpose was to provide policy implications that expand access to care and ultimately improve the healthcare system. 

The Institute for Healthcare Improvement has launched a major initiative-the Triple Aim-which focuses on the “simultaneous pursuit of three aims: improving the experience of care, improving the health of populations, and reducing per capita costs of health care( Broller, 2017). Improvement outlines a structure for improving population health and healthcare experience, and reducing per capita cost; simultaneously, the Quadruple Aim adds an element designed to focus on policy implications of meeting the healthcare provider’s needs. 

  Three Aims and Quadruple Aims inspired health care workers to provide effective and quality care while the Three aims provided the reason health care system, the foundation of care; and the fourth aim focuses on the foundational elements, which are the caregiver, health care providers aiming for high-value care(Shikka, 2015). The fourth aim: create the conditions for the healthcare workforce to find joy, meaning, and fulfillment in their work and, in doing so, improve the experience of providing care.

     Nurses, APRNS, and nurses in leadership roles must take part in the opportunity to educate and be involved with policy making and reform, involved in organizations with evidence base models to improve the health of the population and health care system for the workforce members. (Batcheller, 2017)

References:

     American Nurses Association https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/scope-of-practice/.

     Bachynsky, N. Implications for policy: The triple aim, quadruple aim, and interprofessional collaboration. Nurs Forum. 2020; 55: 54–64. https://doi.org/10.1111/nuf.12382

     Boller, J. (2017). Nurse educators: Leading health care to the quadruple aim sweet spot. Journal of Nursing Education, 56(12), 707–708. doi:10.3928/01484834-20171120-01

     Sikka, R., Morath, J. M., & Leape, L. (2015). The Quadruple Aim: Care, health, cost and meaning in workLinks to an external site. BMJ Quality & Safety, pp. 24, 608–610. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004160

     Joyce Batcheller, Deborah Zimmermann, Sharon Pappas, Jeffrey M. Adams, Nursing’s Leadership Role in Addressing the Quadruple Aim, Nurse Leader, Volume 15, Issue 3, 2017, Pages 203-206, ISSN 1541-4612, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mnl.2017.02.007.

The American Nurses Association (ANA) was the page that I reviewed. The ANA webpage talks about several initiatives they are pursuing such as Medicare/Medicaid reform, whistle blower protections and more. It also discusses topics like Empowering Nurses and the future of health care. According to their web page, the ANA’s mission is “Lead the profession to shape the future of nursing and health care” (ANA 2017). The ANA page offers accreditations, answers questions related to the practice of different nursing scopes and even lobbies for legal changes to the practice in the different states and even in Washington DC. After reviewing more of this page it is easy to see that the overarching goal of this organization is to mold and shape the future of Nursing and to make sure that Nurses are the center of whatever changes take place in health care. As far as the question, “Is this organization centered on Evidenced Based Practice?” the answer is a resounding yes. According the Johns Hopkins Center for Nursing Inquiry “EBP is a process used to review, analyze, and translate the latest scientific evidence. The goal is to quickly incorporate the best available research, along with clinical experience and patient preference, into clinical practice, so nurses can make informed patient-care decisions (Dang et al., 2022).” (Kelly, R. 2022)  This definition more than fits what the ANA is and does and what is represented on the page. The information listed on the webpage did not change my perception of this healthcare organization because I have always know about this organization and what they stand for. The ANA is a well know advocacy group for the Nursing practice in all scopes. As a Nurse who is passionate about Mental Health and being a Behavioral Health Nurse I have looked into the accreditations they provide for RN/BSN Nurses. Their tests for all certifications are centered on EBP. According to Registered Nursing.ORG “Because of the wide variety of mental health disorders and complex ways they can present, psychiatric nurses must be thoroughly trained and familiar with the care of this patient population to ensure treatment is leading to the best possible outcomes.” (Registered Nursing.org, 2019) This education and advancement in one’s own career is offered through the ANA.

References

About Ana: Ana enterprise. ANA. (2017, October 14). https://www.nursingworld.org/ana/about-ana/

Kelly, R. (2022, March 21). Evidence-based practice. Evidence-Based Practice. https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/nursing/center-nursing-inquiry/nursing-inquiry/evidence-based-practice.html

Writers, RegisteredNursing. org S. (2023, April 19). Psychiatric/Mental Health Nurse Certification. https://www.registerednursing.org/certification/psychiatric-mental-health-nurse/

Evidence-Based Practice of Presbyterian

According to Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2023), evidence-based practice (EBP) can be defined as a life-long problem-solving method for clinical decision-making that includes the use of the optimum evidence with clinician expertise and patient values to improve outcomes (Melnyk & Fineout-Overholt, 2023). There are three elements to EBP which include research, patient values and preferences, and the clinician’s expertise. Using EBP will improve patient outcomes. Research fosters the creation of new knowledge (Walden University, 2018).

Presbyterian Health Services Website Review

In a review of the Presbyterian Health Services website, it was found that this organization is committed to supporting evidence-based care for the members it serves. Presbyterian Health Services is a not-for-profit healthcare system. The clinical healthcare guidelines were developed based on evidence-based practice to support the decision-making process in patient and member care (PHP, n.d.).  EBP appears on the healthcare systems’ websites under clinical practice guidelines.

Is the Organization’s Work Based on EBP

In 2019 Presbyterian Health Services was recognized by U.S. News & World Report for its high performance. Presbyterian was recognized as a “BOLD” healthcare organization that uses evidence-based practice to achieve excellence and improve the quality of healthcare in our community (PHP, n.d.). Presbyterian is committed to supporting evidence-based care for the patients it serves.

My Perception of the Organization  

                In evaluating my healthcare systems website, I will continue to have the same opinion. Since I started working with this company, I have always felt that their values match mine. They are committed to caring for their community using best practices. EBP helps empower healthcare providers to establish the best treatment plans. For example, you can look up clinical practice guidelines for any disease, such as diabetes.  The website will link you to research and standards of care for diabetes. The standards of care are updated annually which includes the most current evidence-based recommendations for diagnosing and treating.

References        

About our quality doctors. About Our Quality Doctors | Presbyterian Healthcare Services. (n.d.). https://www.phs.org/doctors-services/Pages/our-quality-doctors.aspx

Clinical practice guidelines. Clinical Practice Guidelines | Presbyterian Health Plan, Inc. (n.d.). https://www.phs.org/providers/resources/reference-guides/Pages/clinical-practice-guidelines.aspx

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2023). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (5th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.

Walden University, LLC. (Producer). (2018). Introduction to Evidence-Based Practice and Research [Video file]. Baltimore, MD: Author.

The healthcare organization website I reviewed was the website of the Mayo Clinic. The Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit medical practice and medical research group based in Rochester, Minnesota. It is one of the largest integrated health care systems in the United States, with over 70,000 employees and 67 hospitals and clinics in six states.The Mayo Clinic’s website mentions EBP in several places(Mayo Clinic, n.d). In the “About Us” section, the website states that the Mayo Clinic is “committed to providing high-quality, evidence-based care.” In the “Research” section, the website describes the Mayo Clinic’s research programs, which are focused on “improving patient care through the translation of scientific discovery into clinical practice.” And in the “Patient Care” section, the website provides information about the Mayo Clinic’s approach to patient care, which is based on “the latest medical evidence.”

Based on the information on the Mayo Clinic’s website, it is clear that the organization is committed to EBP. The Mayo Clinic’s research programs are focused on translating scientific discovery into clinical practice, and the organization’s approach to patient care is based on the latest medical evidence. This commitment to EBP is evident in the quality of care that the Mayo Clinic provides. The Mayo Clinic is consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the United States, and it has been recognized for its excellence in patient care (Shanafelt et al., 2023).

The information I discovered on the Mayo Clinic’s website has changed my perception of the organization. I was already aware that the Mayo Clinic was a well-respected hospital, but I was not aware of the organization’s commitment to EBP. Learning about the Mayo Clinic’s commitment to EBP has made me more confident in the quality of care that the organization provides. I am now more likely to recommend the Mayo Clinic to my friends and family members who are seeking medical care.

References

Mayo Clinic. (n.d.). About US – Mayo Clinic Value statements. Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/about-mayo-clinic/mission-valuesLinks to an external site.

Shanafelt, T. D., Larson, D., Bohman, B., Roberts, R., Trockel, M., Weinlander, E., Springer, J., Wang, H., Stolz, S., & Murphy, D. (2023). Organization-wide approaches to foster effective unit-level efforts to improve clinician well-being. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 98(1), 163–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2022.10.031Links to an external site.

Exploring EBP in the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) Website

Introduction

According to Melnyk et al. (2021), healthcare is dynamic. Employing evidence-based practices may assist in ensuring that high-quality healthcare is accessible generally. Evidence-based practice optimizes healthcare quality while lowering costs, enhancing patient outcomes, and reducing employee burnout among healthcare providers. They ensure that medical professionals can base their judgments on reliable proof of information. EBP integrates the best available evidence into clinical knowledge and patient preferences to inform decision-making and deliver the best possible healthcare outcomes, according to Melnyk et al. (2021). Practitioners should consistently update themselves on the latest and most recent research and technological advancements to stay current with the newest trends and best practices Cleary-Holdt forth et al. (2021). In this assignment, I will evaluate the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) website to determine whether it promotes evidence-based practice.

Review of the AANP Website

The AANP is a professional healthcare organization that accepts certified nurse practitioners and nurse practitioner trainees as members. According to the AANP (n.d.a), this association has about 104,000 members who work together to enhance patient care and promote the profession. Access to continuing education, networking opportunities, local and federal advocacy, and access to the most recent medical journals are all membership incentives. I identified numerous spots on the AANP website where EBP is ingrained within the organization’s framework.

1. Mission, Vision, and Philosophy: AANP’s mission statement emphasizes the promotion of high-quality, cost-effective healthcare for patients. Whereas EBP is not explicitly indicated, the concepts of evidence-based care are implied in the commitment to providing high-quality healthcare. The vision statement of AANP additionally highlights the significance of evidence-based decision-making for enhancing patient outcomes. This suggests that EBP is valued and integrated into the overall philosophy of the AANP (AANP, n.d).
2. Goals and Initiatives: The AANP outlines various goals and initiatives on its website, which include advocating for policies that support nurse practitioners, promoting advanced practice nursing, and fostering professional development. While specific references to EBP may not be explicitly stated, these goals indirectly align with EBP principles (AANP, n.d). According to Thomas (2021), incorporating the best available evidence to improve clinical practice is part of advancing the role of nurse practitioners and fostering their professional development.
3. Educational Resources: The AANP website incorporates various resources for nurse practitioners. Clinical practice guidelines, continuing education courses, and research articles are examples of such resources. These resources emphasize evidence-based guidelines and recommendations. Healthcare professionals can leverage the resources to update themselves on and implement the most current knowledge into their practice. This indicates the AANP’s dedication to promoting EBP among its members (AANP, n.d).
4. Research and Publications: The AANP actively supports and publishes research on nurse practitioners and their role in healthcare. The AANP contributes to integrating EBP into clinical practice by promoting and disseminating research findings. Research articles and publications often employ EBP methodologies and approaches, showcasing the organization’s dedication to advancing nursing knowledge through evidence-based research.

Impact on Perception

Exploring the AANP website has positively influenced my perception of the organization. The alignment of the AANP’s mission, vision, and goals with EBP principles indicates a commitment to delivering high-quality care based on the best and most effective results. Providing educational resources and research support further solidifies the AANP’s dedication to promoting EBP among nurse practitioners. By actively engaging in EBP, the AANP showcases its progressive stance and contributes to advancing nursing practice. Additionally, their support for research and publications further solidifies their stance in promoting evidence-based care. AANP portrays itself as a forward-thinking organization that prioritizes advancing nursing practice by emphasizing EBP. This dedication assists patients in recuperating more quickly and increases the reputation and professionalism of nursing professionals. The American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP) is a leader in advocating evidence-based practice. I have also realized that the organization fosters the development of nurse practitioners.

I now understand the value of joining a professional nursing organization that champions evidence-based practice (EBP). I now recognize the significance of being a part of a professional nursing organization that upholds evidence-based practice (EBP). As an advanced practitioner, I aim to positively impact lives while emphasizing EBP adoption. By becoming a member of the AANP, I will have the opportunity to fight for better patient outcomes, more cost-effective healthcare, and high-quality treatment. The AANP unifies like-minded professionals who are dedicated to promoting EBP, aligning our aims, and encouraging the use of evidence-based therapies.

Conclusion

Finally, evidence-based practice is heavily emphasized throughout the organization’s website. Even though there is no mention of EBP, the organization’s purpose, vision, goals, educational resources, and research efforts, all indicate a commitment to integrating EBP concepts into the practice of nurse practitioners. The material gained on the AANP website has positively affected my perception of the organization since it indicates a commitment to developing nursing practice by incorporating high-quality research.

References

American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP). (n.d.a). About the American Association of Nurse Practitioners (AANP). Retrieved from https://www.aanp.org/membership/why-join.Links to an external site.

American Association of nurse practitioners. (n.d.). Aanp website. Retrieved from http://www.aanp.org/Links to an external site.

Cleary‐Hold forth, J., O’Mathúna, D., & Fineout‐Overholt, E. (2021). Evidence‐based practice beliefs, implementation, organizational culture and readiness for EBP among nurses, midwives, educators, and students in the Republic of Ireland. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 18(6), 379-388.

Melnyk, B. M., Tan, A., Hsieh, A. P., & Gallagher‐Ford, L. (2021). Evidence‐based practice culture and mentorship predict EBP implementation, nurse job satisfaction, and intent to stay: Support for the ARCC© model. Worldviews on Evidence‐Based Nursing, 18(4), 272-281.

Evidence-based practice is the idea that occupational practices ought to be based on scientific evidence. EBP is “the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of the individual patient. It means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research”. Evidence-based practice in nursing involves providing holistic, quality care based on the most up-to-date research and knowledge rather than traditional methods, advice from colleagues, or personal beliefs.

Sovah Health’s mission is Making Communities Healthier, with the vision of creating places where people choose to come for healthcare, physicians want to practice, and employees want to work. We are a member of LifePoint HealthLinks to an external site., a for-profit hospital (n.d. 2023). This hospital is perception change not grounded because the extent to which they integrate research evidence into their clinical practices, policies, and procedures. An organization that values EBP will have mechanisms in place to promote the use of current research, support staff in accessing and appraising evidence, and implement evidence-based guidelines and protocols. This includes regularly reviewing and updating clinical practices based on new evidence. There is no information about EBP which may raise questions about the organization’s approach to incorporating the best available evidence into their practice. Findings demonstrate a compelling need for improvement in knowledge and implementation of EBP in this healthcare facility. I now have a clear understanding of my hospital vison and EBP is not mentioned in the mission statement, my perception of the hospital is more on a lower scale of care because there is no mention of EBP.

Reference:

What is evidence-based practice in nursing? ANA. (2023, May 5). https://www.nursingworld.org/practice-policy/nursing-excellence/evidence-based-practicenLinks to an external site.nursing/#:~:text=Evidence%2Dbased%20practice%20in%20nursing%20involves%20providing%20holistic%2C%20quality%20care,from%20colleagues%2C%20or%20personal%20beliefs.

Li S, Cao M, Zhu X. Evidence-based practice: Knowledge, attitudes, implementation, facilitators, and barriers among community nurses-systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Sep;98(39):e17209. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017209. PMID: 31574830; PMCID: PMC6775415.

Why sovah health?. Sovah Health. (n.d.). https://www.sovahhealth.com/why-sovah-health

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is an approach to healthcare that involves integrating the best available evidence from scientific research, clinical expertise, and patient values and preferences to guide clinical decision-making and optimize patient care. According to Melnyk and Fineout-Overholt (2018), EBP not only enhances healthcare quality, but also leads to improved patient outcomes, reduces healthcare costs, and leads to less job burnout in healthcare providers. EBP enhances the quality of nursing care, helps improve patient outcomes, reduces medical costs, and strengthens the confidence of individual clinicians.

I chose to research the World Health Organization is committed to promoting evidence-based practice throughout its work. The organization (WHO) is a healthcare-specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that deals with public health. The organization, whose work is grounded in evidence-based practice, manages, and maintains extensive data relating to global health and brings the world’s scientists together to accelerate research. WHO promotes best practices and standards for emergency operations and public response to public health emergencies. Therefore, the entity works for the greater good of all people across the globe. The WHO’s commitment to healthcare excellence and scientific evidence is continually improving and advancing to reflect the changes in the state of health in the world (WHO values charter, 2020). According to the organization’s website, the WHO’s key values include adhering to professionalism, integrity, and respect for diversity. These values are employed in enhancing the attainment of quality public health on a global scale. The values inspired by WHO have a vision of a world in which all people attain the highest level of quality healthcare, and their mission is to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable globally.

EBP appears throughout the mission and vision of the WHO, such that the entity is focused on the professional commitment to excellence in health, which is guided by the best available science, evidence, and technical expertise (Our values, our DNA, 2020). The WHO’s work is grounded in EBP, considering that it states that its commitment to health excellence reflects scientific evidence and expertise that is continually developing and improving to respond to the changes in the world. The standards that reflect the WHO organization ensure public trust, integrity, professional commitment, and collaboration of the power of diversity to achieve the highest level of public health and well-being. The information on the WHO’s website has changed my perception of the healthcare organization, as it enlightened me on the core values and visions of the organization.

I usually refer to the WHO website when there is a disease outbreak or epidemic to inform myself about the diseases, their locations, and what to look for symptomatically in patients. The site has shown me what the organization stands for and the importance of public health worldwide. The WHO needs to remain a credible organization to ensure the trust of the public. In doing so they will commit to putting their philosophies and values into practice. Reading and learning more about the WHO has changed my perspective on the organization. I never realized how big their commitment is to global health. An example of such commitment is their Thirteenth General Program of Work (GPW 13). It is their 5-year strategy, 2019-2023 that focuses on their triple billion targets to show measurable impacts on people’s health at the country level. The triple billion targets include one billion more people having universal health coverage, one billion more people being protected from health emergencies, and one billion more people having better health and well-being. A measurable impact on global health is at the heart of the WHO’s mission to change and improve the future of public health (World health organization, 2021).

The information obtained on the website has changed my whole perception of how WHO’s work is grounded in EBP, considering that it states that its commitment to health excellence reflects scientific evidence and expertise that is continually developing and improving to respond to the changes in the world. Still, I have learned that EBP is part and parcel of the current healthcare system, which is now patient-centered. For example, if the WHO’s website offers updated guidelines based on rigorous scientific research and systematic reviews, it demonstrates a dedication to using the best available evidence to inform global health policies. Such information can instill confidence in the WHO’s expertise and its ability to address global health challenges effectively. However, it is important to recognize that the perception of any organization is shaped by various factors, including personal experiences, external reviews, and global events. While the information on the WHO’s website can contribute to forming an impression, a comprehensive assessment requires considering multiple sources of information and evaluating the organization’s performance and impact in the global health arena.

REFERENCE

Melnyk, B. M., & Fineout-Overholt, E. (2018). Evidence-based practice in nursing & healthcare: A guide to best practice (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer

Our values, our DNA. (2020). Retrieved February 25, 2020, from the World Health Organizationwebsite: https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/our-values

Walden University Library. (n.d.-a).Databases A-Z: NursingLinks to an external site.. Retrieved September 6, 2019, from https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/az.php?s=1998Links to an external site.

WHO values charter. (2020). Retrieved February 25, 2020, from World Health Organization website: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/values-charter-en.pdf?Status=Temp&sfvrsn=4ed75cec_1Links to an external site.

World Health Organization. (n.d.). WHO’s mission and mandate. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/about/who-we-are/our-mission